The Fall of Constantinople (1453): What Was Really Lost?
The 1453 fall of Constantinople was not only the fall of the Byzantine Empire but also one of the biggest intellectual and cultural losses in all of human history. When the Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Mehmed II, breached the walls of this city, one of ancient times’ greatest collections of knowledge fell with it: the Imperial Library of Constantinople. But what had been destroyed in the apocalypse? What was lost when East Rome’s capital had fallen?
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Tactical Advantage and the Power of Gods: Greek Fire and Flamethrowers in the Ancient World
Fighting a battle in an ancient world demanded a special set of skills, not only the early types of technology. Very often, the ancient literature talks about “glorious heroes” who destroyed the enemy on land or on the sea. These ancient wars weren’t only conflicts. They were a sort of communication, psychological fight over who is more superior. So, in the case of Greek Fire and flamethrowers, we can also see hidden propaganda that aimed to weaken the enemy.
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