France

News Stories

Medieval Castles and the Culture of Authority

In a fragmented Europe where power was often measured by the strength of one’s walls, medieval castles became both military fortresses and instruments of propaganda—designed not merely to repel invaders, but to impress subjects, rivals, and foreign envoys.

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News Stories

Benjamin Franklin, “The Morals of Chess,” and History’s “Most Universal Game”

One of the most popular and novel games among educated citizens in colonial America was chess, and one of its most prominent advocates was the polymath and Founding Father Benjamin Franklin.

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