The Sense of an Ending: Early Considerations for a Possible War Defeat of Nuclear-Armed Russia in Ukraine
The impact of military defeats over the course of Russian history has been radical and obvious: The consequences are pervasive and can include anything from radical reform to revolution. The saying “history repeats itself” is often discussed.
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“Never really subdued nor reconciled to our rule”: The 1842 Retreat from Kabul
The massacre of Major General Sir William Elphinstone’s army and its auxiliaries in early 1842 while attempting to retreat from Kabul, Afghanistan, was a shock to British statesmen and the public. The expeditionary force, many of whom were sent there in 1839 to assert British control, was made up of roughly 700 British soldiers, 3,800 Indian troops, and 14,000 civilians and workers attached to lend it support. Lord Auckland, the Governor General of India, was so shocked upon learning of the disaster that he had a stroke.
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