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Levée en masse: Napoleon’s Senate and Power to Raise Armies
Following the bloodless Coup of 18 Brumaire (November 9, 1799) and the overthrow of the Directory, General Napoleon consolidated his grip on France through a series of political maneuvers neutering checks and balances upon his authority.
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“Public functionaries alone are excepted”: Napoleon’s Passport System in Europe
One of the many ways Napoleon Bonaparte attempted to control populations was the mandating of passports. Passports in various forms have been around for centuries but not in the manner most people associate with them today.
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How Napoleon Made Some People Adore Him and Others Hate Him?
Napoleon Bonaparte used the press to promote himself and his battles. One of the most powerful and popular people from the beginning of the 19th century founded six newspapers. His aim was to glorify his battles and his heroic capabilities.
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